[ { "slug": "ni-mo-kakawarazu", "pattern": "～にもかかわらず", "structure": "Noun / Plain-form + にもかかわらず", "meaning_id": "meskipun / walaupun (kontras kuat)", "meaning_en": "in spite of / despite", "nuance": "Lebih formal dari のに; menekankan hasil yang tak terduga.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "雨にもかかわらず、試合は続行された。", "furigana": "雨あめにもかかわらず、試合しあいは続行ぞっこうされた。", "translation_id": "Meskipun hujan, pertandingan tetap dilanjutkan.", "translation_en": "Despite the rain, the match continued." }, { "japanese": "努力したにもかかわらず、結果は出なかった。", "furigana": "努力どりょくしたにもかかわらず、結果けっかは出でなかった。", "translation_id": "Meskipun sudah berusaha, hasilnya tidak keluar.", "translation_en": "In spite of trying hard, the results did not come." } ] }, { "slug": "kuse-ni", "pattern": "～くせに", "structure": "Plain-form + くせに", "meaning_id": "padahal / walaupun (nada kesal / mencela)", "meaning_en": "even though (with reproach)", "nuance": "Mirip のに tapi bernada negatif/mencela; sering dipakai untuk mengkritik orang.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "知っているくせに、教えてくれない。", "furigana": "知しっているくせに、教おしえてくれない。", "translation_id": "Padahal tahu, tapi tidak mau memberitahu.", "translation_en": "He knows but won't tell me." } ] }, { "slug": "to-wa-ie", "pattern": "～とはいえ", "structure": "Plain-form / Noun + とはいえ", "meaning_id": "meski demikian / walaupun begitu (formal)", "meaning_en": "although / even though", "nuance": "Formal, tertulis. Mengakui premis tapi membatalkan ekspektasinya.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "春とはいえ、まだ風が冷たい。", "furigana": "春はるとはいえ、まだ風かぜが冷つめたい。", "translation_id": "Meski sudah musim semi, anginnya masih dingin.", "translation_en": "Although it's spring, the wind is still cold." } ] }, { "slug": "nagara-mo", "pattern": "～ながらも", "structure": "Verb-stem / i-adj / na-adj / Noun + ながらも", "meaning_id": "meskipun / walaupun (sederhana)", "meaning_en": "although / despite", "nuance": "Lebih sastrawi dari のに; sering muncul dalam novel/esai.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "貧しいながらも、幸せな生活を送っている。", "furigana": "貧まずしいながらも、幸しあわせな生活せいかつを送おくっている。", "translation_id": "Meskipun miskin, ia menjalani hidup yang bahagia.", "translation_en": "Although poor, he leads a happy life." } ] }, { "slug": "mono-no", "pattern": "～ものの", "structure": "Plain-form + ものの", "meaning_id": "memang ~ tapi (mengakui fakta lalu membatalkan harapannya)", "meaning_en": "although / but", "nuance": "Tertulis/formal. Pembicara mengakui sesuatu lalu menambah keberatan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "免許は取ったものの、車を運転する機会がない。", "furigana": "Menkyo wa totta mono no, kuruma o unten suru kikai ga nai.", "translation_id": "Memang sudah ambil SIM, tapi tidak ada kesempatan menyetir.", "translation_en": "I got my license, but I have no chance to drive." } ] }, { "slug": "to-itte-mo", "pattern": "～といっても", "structure": "Plain-form / Noun + といっても", "meaning_id": "meskipun dibilang ~ (nyatanya tidak seperti yang dibayangkan)", "meaning_en": "although I say / even though", "nuance": "Mengoreksi kesan berlebihan dari pernyataan sebelumnya.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "料理ができるといっても、卵焼きぐらいだ。", "furigana": "Ryōri ga dekiru to itte mo, tamagoyaki gurai da.", "translation_id": "Meskipun dibilang bisa masak, paling cuma tamagoyaki.", "translation_en": "Even though I can cook, it's just tamagoyaki." } ] }, { "slug": "wari-ni", "pattern": "～わりに", "structure": "Plain-form / Noun-no + わりに", "meaning_id": "untuk ukuran ~ / dibandingkan dengan ~", "meaning_en": "considering / for (what would be expected)", "nuance": "Hasil yang tidak sebanding dengan premis (positif maupun negatif).", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "値段のわりに美味しい。", "furigana": "Nedan no wari ni oishii.", "translation_id": "Untuk harganya, ini cukup enak.", "translation_en": "Considering the price, it's tasty." } ] }, { "slug": "tokoro-de", "pattern": "～たところで", "structure": "Verb-ta + ところで", "meaning_id": "kalaupun ~ (sia-sia / tidak akan mengubah hasil)", "meaning_en": "even if / no matter how", "nuance": "Sering dipakai dengan ekspresi negatif untuk menekankan kesia-siaan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "今から走ったところで、間に合わないだろう。", "furigana": "Ima kara hashitta tokoro de, ma ni awanai darō.", "translation_id": "Kalaupun lari sekarang, tidak akan keburu.", "translation_en": "Even if I run now, I won't make it." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-shiro-ni-seyo", "pattern": "～にしろ / ～にせよ", "structure": "Plain-form / Noun + にしろ / にせよ", "meaning_id": "baik ~ maupun ~ / apa pun ~", "meaning_en": "whether ~ or ~ / even if", "nuance": "Formal/tertulis. Mengakui semua kemungkinan dengan hasil sama.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "賛成するにしろ反対するにしろ、理由を述べてください。", "furigana": "Sansei suru ni shiro hantai suru ni shiro, riyū o nobete kudasai.", "translation_id": "Setuju maupun tidak, mohon sampaikan alasannya.", "translation_en": "Whether you agree or disagree, please state your reasoning." } ] }, { "slug": "to-wa-iemo", "pattern": "～とはいうものの", "structure": "Plain-form + とはいうものの", "meaning_id": "memang ~ tapi sebenarnya ~", "meaning_en": "having said that / although", "nuance": "Lebih panjang dan tegas daripada とはいえ.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "もう春とはいうものの、まだ寒い日もある。", "furigana": "もう春はるとはいうものの、まだ寒さむい日ひもある。", "translation_id": "Memang sudah musim semi, namun masih ada hari yang dingin.", "translation_en": "Spring has come, having said that, there are still cold days." } ] }, { "slug": "okage-de", "pattern": "～おかげで", "structure": "Plain-form / Noun-no + おかげで", "meaning_id": "berkat ~ (sebab positif)", "meaning_en": "thanks to", "nuance": "Selalu nada positif. Lawannya せいで yang berkonotasi negatif.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "cause-effect", "examples": [ { "japanese": "先生のおかげで、合格できました。", "furigana": "先生せんせいのおかげで、合格ごうかくできました。", "translation_id": "Berkat guru, saya bisa lulus.", "translation_en": "Thanks to my teacher, I passed." } ] }, { "slug": "sei-de", "pattern": "～せいで", "structure": "Plain-form / Noun-no + せいで", "meaning_id": "gara-gara ~ (sebab negatif)", "meaning_en": "because of (negative)", "nuance": "Menyalahkan; selalu bernuansa negatif.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "cause-effect", "examples": [ { "japanese": "雨のせいで、試合が中止になった。", "furigana": "雨あめのせいで、試合しあいが中止ちゅうしになった。", "translation_id": "Gara-gara hujan, pertandingan dibatalkan.", "translation_en": "Because of the rain, the match was canceled." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-yotte", "pattern": "～によって", "structure": "Noun + によって", "meaning_id": "oleh / berdasarkan / tergantung pada", "meaning_en": "by / depending on / according to", "nuance": "Multi-fungsi: agen kalimat pasif, sebab, dasar penilaian, atau variasi.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "cause-effect", "examples": [ { "japanese": "結果は努力によって変わる。", "furigana": "結果けっかは努力どりょくによって変かわる。", "translation_id": "Hasil berubah tergantung pada usaha.", "translation_en": "Results change depending on effort." } ] }, { "slug": "tame-ni", "pattern": "～ため(に)", "structure": "Plain-form / Noun-no + ため(に)", "meaning_id": "karena ~ / untuk ~ (formal)", "meaning_en": "because of / for the sake of", "nuance": "Lebih formal dari から/ので. Bisa berarti sebab atau tujuan tergantung konteks.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "cause-effect", "examples": [ { "japanese": "台風のため、電車が止まっている。", "furigana": "台風たいふうのため、電車でんしゃが止とまっている。", "translation_id": "Karena topan, kereta berhenti.", "translation_en": "Trains are stopped due to the typhoon." } ] }, { "slug": "dake-ni", "pattern": "～だけに", "structure": "Plain-form / Noun + だけに", "meaning_id": "justru karena ~ / sesuai dengan ~", "meaning_en": "precisely because / being", "nuance": "Sebab yang memperkuat hasil; sering untuk ekspektasi yang masuk akal.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "cause-effect", "examples": [ { "japanese": "プロだけに、演奏は見事だった。", "furigana": "Puro dake ni, ensō wa migoto datta.", "translation_id": "Justru karena profesional, permainannya sangat indah.", "translation_en": "Being a pro, the performance was superb." } ] }, { "slug": "no-mo-muri-wa-nai", "pattern": "～のも無理はない", "structure": "Plain-form + のも無理はない", "meaning_id": "wajar saja kalau ~", "meaning_en": "no wonder / it's natural that", "nuance": "Menyatakan bahwa perasaan/keputusan seseorang itu masuk akal.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "cause-effect", "examples": [ { "japanese": "あんなに失礼なことを言われたら、怒るのも無理はない。", "furigana": "Anna ni shitsurei na koto o iwaretara, okoru no mo muri wa nai.", "translation_id": "Wajar saja kalau marah dikatai sekasar itu.", "translation_en": "It's no wonder he got angry being spoken to so rudely." } ] }, { "slug": "kara-koso", "pattern": "～からこそ", "structure": "Plain-form + からこそ", "meaning_id": "justru karena ~", "meaning_en": "precisely because", "nuance": "Menekankan sebab tertentu, biasanya bernada positif.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "cause-effect", "examples": [ { "japanese": "君だからこそ、お願いしたい。", "furigana": "Kimi dakara koso, onegai shitai.", "translation_id": "Justru karena kamu, saya ingin meminta tolong.", "translation_en": "Precisely because it's you, I want to ask." } ] }, { "slug": "ageku", "pattern": "～あげく", "structure": "Verb-ta / Noun-no + あげく", "meaning_id": "akhirnya ~ (setelah proses panjang, biasanya buruk)", "meaning_en": "in the end (after much effort)", "nuance": "Sering dipakai untuk hasil negatif setelah usaha/penderitaan panjang.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "cause-effect", "examples": [ { "japanese": "長く悩んだあげく、転職を決めた。", "furigana": "Nagaku nayanda ageku, tenshoku o kimeta.", "translation_id": "Setelah lama bimbang, akhirnya saya memutuskan pindah kerja.", "translation_en": "After long worry, I finally decided to change jobs." } ] }, { "slug": "kekka", "pattern": "～結果", "structure": "Verb-ta / Noun-no + 結果", "meaning_id": "akibat / hasil dari ~", "meaning_en": "as a result of", "nuance": "Formal/tertulis. Menyatakan kesimpulan logis dari proses sebelumnya.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "cause-effect", "examples": [ { "japanese": "話し合った結果、計画を変更することにした。", "furigana": "Hanashiatta kekka, keikaku o henkō suru koto ni shita.", "translation_id": "Hasil dari diskusi, kami memutuskan mengubah rencana.", "translation_en": "As a result of discussion, we decided to change the plan." } ] }, { "slug": "moto-de", "pattern": "～もとで", "structure": "Noun + のもとで", "meaning_id": "di bawah ~ / berdasarkan ~", "meaning_en": "under (the guidance/condition of)", "nuance": "Formal. Menyatakan kondisi atau bimbingan yang mendasari suatu aksi.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "cause-effect", "examples": [ { "japanese": "厳しい先生のもとで、技術を磨いた。", "furigana": "Kibishii sensei no moto de, gijutsu o migaita.", "translation_id": "Di bawah bimbingan guru yang tegas, saya mengasah keterampilan.", "translation_en": "Under a strict teacher, I honed my skills." } ] }, { "slug": "tara-saigo", "pattern": "～たら最後", "structure": "Verb-ta + ら最後", "meaning_id": "sekali ~ tidak akan ~", "meaning_en": "once ~, there's no going back", "nuance": "Konsekuensi tak terhindarkan jika satu hal terjadi.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "conditional", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼に頼んだら最後、断るのは難しい。", "furigana": "Kare ni tanondara saigo, kotowaru no wa muzukashii.", "translation_id": "Sekali minta tolong pada dia, susah untuk menolak.", "translation_en": "Once you ask him, it's hard to refuse." } ] }, { "slug": "naide-wa-irarenai", "pattern": "～ないではいられない", "structure": "Verb-nai + ではいられない", "meaning_id": "tidak bisa tidak ~", "meaning_en": "can't help but ~", "nuance": "Dorongan emosional yang kuat untuk melakukan sesuatu.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "compulsion", "examples": [ { "japanese": "美しい景色を見て、写真を撮らないではいられなかった。", "furigana": "Utsukushii keshiki o mite, shashin o toranaide wa irarenakatta.", "translation_id": "Melihat pemandangan indah, tak bisa tak memotretnya.", "translation_en": "Seeing the beautiful scenery, I couldn't help taking a photo." } ] }, { "slug": "naide-wa-okanai", "pattern": "～ずにはおかない / ないではおかない", "structure": "Verb-nai + ずにはおかない", "meaning_id": "pasti akan ~ / tidak akan membiarkan ~", "meaning_en": "will definitely / won't leave it undone", "nuance": "Tekad/dorongan kuat. Formal/tertulis.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "compulsion", "examples": [ { "japanese": "この事件の真相を明らかにせずにはおかない。", "furigana": "Kono jiken no shinsō o akiraka ni sezu ni wa okanai.", "translation_id": "Saya pasti akan mengungkap kebenaran kasus ini.", "translation_en": "I won't rest until the truth of this case is revealed." } ] }, { "slug": "nakute-wa-naranai", "pattern": "～なくてはならない", "structure": "Verb-nai (drop い) + くてはならない", "meaning_id": "harus ~ (formal)", "meaning_en": "must / have to (formal)", "nuance": "Variasi formal dari なければならない. Sering dalam aturan/norma.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "obligation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "ルールを守らなくてはならない。", "furigana": "Rūru o mamoranakute wa naranai.", "translation_id": "Aturan harus ditaati.", "translation_en": "Rules must be followed." } ] }, { "slug": "beki-da", "pattern": "～べきだ", "structure": "Verb-dictionary + べきだ", "meaning_id": "seharusnya ~", "meaning_en": "should / ought to ~", "nuance": "Saran moral/norma; lebih kuat dari ほうがいい. Negatif: ～べきではない.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "advice", "examples": [ { "japanese": "約束は守るべきだ。", "furigana": "Yakusoku wa mamoru beki da.", "translation_id": "Janji seharusnya ditepati.", "translation_en": "Promises should be kept." } ] }, { "slug": "beku", "pattern": "～べく", "structure": "Verb-dictionary + べく", "meaning_id": "agar ~ / demi ~", "meaning_en": "in order to / so as to", "nuance": "Sangat formal/tertulis. Pengganti ために dalam tulisan formal.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "purpose", "examples": [ { "japanese": "夢を実現すべく、毎日努力している。", "furigana": "Yume o jitsugen subeku, mainichi doryoku shite iru.", "translation_id": "Demi mewujudkan mimpi, saya berusaha setiap hari.", "translation_en": "In order to realize my dream, I work hard every day." } ] }, { "slug": "you-ni", "pattern": "～ように (tujuan, lanjutan)", "structure": "Verb-dictionary / nai + ように", "meaning_id": "agar ~ / supaya ~", "meaning_en": "so that / in order to", "nuance": "Versi N2 sering muncul bersama 願う, 努める, 命じる.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "purpose", "examples": [ { "japanese": "失敗しないように、何度も確認した。", "furigana": "Shippai shinai yō ni, nando mo kakunin shita.", "translation_id": "Agar tidak gagal, saya mengecek berkali-kali.", "translation_en": "I checked many times so I wouldn't fail." } ] }, { "slug": "ya-inaya", "pattern": "～や否や", "structure": "Verb-dictionary + や否や", "meaning_id": "begitu ~ langsung ~ (formal)", "meaning_en": "no sooner than / as soon as", "nuance": "Sangat formal/tertulis. Aksi kedua terjadi langsung setelah yang pertama.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "time", "examples": [ { "japanese": "ベルが鳴るや否や、生徒たちは教室を出た。", "furigana": "Beru ga naru ya ina ya, seitotachi wa kyōshitsu o deta.", "translation_id": "Begitu bel berbunyi, murid-murid langsung keluar kelas.", "translation_en": "No sooner had the bell rung than the students left the classroom." } ] }, { "slug": "ka-to-omou-to", "pattern": "～かと思うと / かと思ったら", "structure": "Verb-ta + かと思うと", "meaning_id": "baru saja ~, langsung ~", "meaning_en": "no sooner than / the moment that", "nuance": "Dua kejadian berturut-turut cepat, kejadian kedua sering tak terduga.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "time", "examples": [ { "japanese": "泣いていたかと思うと、もう笑っている。", "furigana": "Naite ita ka to omou to, mō waratte iru.", "translation_id": "Baru saja menangis, sekarang sudah tertawa.", "translation_en": "She was crying, and the next moment she's laughing." } ] }, { "slug": "nari", "pattern": "～なり", "structure": "Verb-dictionary + なり", "meaning_id": "begitu ~, lalu ~", "meaning_en": "as soon as / upon ~", "nuance": "Aksi kedua terjadi tepat setelah aksi pertama, sering sastrawi/tertulis.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "time", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼は家に着くなり、ベッドに倒れた。", "furigana": "Kare wa ie ni tsuku nari, beddo ni taoreta.", "translation_id": "Begitu sampai rumah, dia langsung ambruk di tempat tidur.", "translation_en": "Upon arriving home, he collapsed on the bed." } ] }, { "slug": "shidai", "pattern": "～次第", "structure": "Verb-stem / Noun + 次第", "meaning_id": "begitu ~ langsung ~ / tergantung pada ~", "meaning_en": "as soon as / depending on", "nuance": "Dua makna: (1) langsung setelah aksi, (2) bergantung pada faktor tertentu.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "time", "examples": [ { "japanese": "結果が分かり次第、ご連絡します。", "furigana": "Kekka ga wakari shidai, gorenraku shimasu.", "translation_id": "Begitu hasilnya diketahui, saya akan menghubungi Anda.", "translation_en": "I'll contact you as soon as the result is known." }, { "japanese": "成功するかどうかは努力次第だ。", "furigana": "Seikō suru ka dō ka wa doryoku shidai da.", "translation_id": "Berhasil atau tidak tergantung pada usaha.", "translation_en": "Whether you succeed depends on effort." } ] }, { "slug": "saichuu", "pattern": "～最中", "structure": "Verb-te-iru / Noun-no + 最中", "meaning_id": "tepat saat sedang ~", "meaning_en": "in the middle of ~", "nuance": "Menekankan tepatnya saat suatu aktivitas berlangsung.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "time", "examples": [ { "japanese": "会議の最中に電話が鳴った。", "furigana": "Kaigi no saichū ni denwa ga natta.", "translation_id": "Tepat saat sedang rapat, telepon berdering.", "translation_en": "The phone rang right in the middle of the meeting." } ] }, { "slug": "tsutsu", "pattern": "～つつ / つつある", "structure": "Verb-stem + つつ / つつある", "meaning_id": "sambil ~ / sedang dalam proses ~", "meaning_en": "while / in the process of", "nuance": "Formal/tertulis. つつ = sambil (mirip ながら); つつある = sedang dalam proses.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "time", "examples": [ { "japanese": "経済は回復しつつあります。", "furigana": "Keizai wa kaifuku shitsutsu arimasu.", "translation_id": "Ekonomi sedang dalam proses pulih.", "translation_en": "The economy is in the process of recovering." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-saishite", "pattern": "～に際して", "structure": "Noun / Verb-dictionary + に際して", "meaning_id": "pada saat ~ / dalam rangka ~", "meaning_en": "on the occasion of / when", "nuance": "Sangat formal. Untuk peristiwa penting/seremonial.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "time", "examples": [ { "japanese": "出発に際して、皆様にご挨拶申し上げます。", "furigana": "Shuppatsu ni saishite, minasama ni goaisatsu mōshiagemasu.", "translation_id": "Saat keberangkatan, izinkan saya menyampaikan salam kepada semua.", "translation_en": "On the occasion of my departure, I wish to greet everyone." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-atatte", "pattern": "～に当たって", "structure": "Noun / Verb-dictionary + に当たって", "meaning_id": "menjelang / pada saat ~", "meaning_en": "at the time of / on the occasion of", "nuance": "Formal. Untuk awal periode/peristiwa baru. Mirip に際して.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "time", "examples": [ { "japanese": "新年を迎えるに当たって、抱負を述べた。", "furigana": "Shinnen o mukaeru ni atatte, hōfu o nobeta.", "translation_id": "Menjelang tahun baru, saya menyampaikan tekad.", "translation_en": "At the start of the new year, I stated my resolutions." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-sakidachi", "pattern": "～に先立ち", "structure": "Noun / Verb-dictionary + に先立ち", "meaning_id": "menjelang / sebelum (acara penting)", "meaning_en": "prior to / in advance of", "nuance": "Formal/tertulis. Persiapan sebelum peristiwa penting.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "time", "examples": [ { "japanese": "出発に先立ち、打ち合わせを行った。", "furigana": "Shuppatsu ni sakidachi, uchiawase o okonatta.", "translation_id": "Sebelum keberangkatan, kami mengadakan rapat persiapan.", "translation_en": "Prior to departure, we held a planning meeting." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-oite", "pattern": "～において", "structure": "Noun + において", "meaning_id": "di / pada (formal)", "meaning_en": "in / at / regarding (formal)", "nuance": "Versi formal dari で. Untuk tempat, waktu, atau bidang.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "会議は東京において行われた。", "furigana": "Kaigi wa Tōkyō ni oite okonawareta.", "translation_id": "Rapat dilaksanakan di Tokyo.", "translation_en": "The meeting was held in Tokyo." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-okeru", "pattern": "～における", "structure": "Noun + における + Noun", "meaning_id": "di / dalam (formal, modifier)", "meaning_en": "in / at (modifier form)", "nuance": "Versi modifier dari において; meletakkan kata benda formal.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "日本における環境問題は深刻だ。", "furigana": "Nihon ni okeru kankyō mondai wa shinkoku da.", "translation_id": "Masalah lingkungan di Jepang sangat serius.", "translation_en": "Environmental issues in Japan are serious." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-megutte", "pattern": "～をめぐって", "structure": "Noun + をめぐって", "meaning_id": "berkaitan / berkutat di sekitar ~", "meaning_en": "concerning / regarding (debate)", "nuance": "Sering soal kontroversi atau perdebatan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "新しい法律をめぐって、議論が起きている。", "furigana": "Atarashii hōritsu o megutte, giron ga okite iru.", "translation_id": "Perdebatan terjadi terkait undang-undang baru.", "translation_en": "Debate is taking place over the new law." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-tsujite", "pattern": "～を通じて / を通して", "structure": "Noun + を通じて / を通して", "meaning_id": "melalui / sepanjang ~", "meaning_en": "through / throughout", "nuance": "Sarana komunikasi atau seluruh periode waktu.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼とはメールを通じて連絡を取り合っている。", "furigana": "Kare to wa mēru o tsūjite renraku o toriatte iru.", "translation_id": "Kami berkomunikasi lewat email.", "translation_en": "We keep in touch through email." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-motte", "pattern": "～をもって", "structure": "Noun + をもって", "meaning_id": "dengan / pada (waktu formal)", "meaning_en": "by means of / as of", "nuance": "Sangat formal. Untuk tanggal penutup atau alat formal.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "本日をもって閉店いたします。", "furigana": "Honjitsu o motte heiten itashimasu.", "translation_id": "Hari ini kami menutup toko untuk selamanya.", "translation_en": "We are closing the shop as of today." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-hajime", "pattern": "～をはじめ", "structure": "Noun + をはじめ(として)", "meaning_id": "dimulai dari ~ / antara lain ~", "meaning_en": "starting with / including", "nuance": "Menyebutkan contoh utama dari kelompok besar.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "example", "examples": [ { "japanese": "東京をはじめ、多くの都市で雨が降った。", "furigana": "Tōkyō o hajime, ōku no toshi de ame ga futta.", "translation_id": "Dimulai dari Tokyo, banyak kota mengalami hujan.", "translation_en": "Starting with Tokyo, many cities had rain." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-kawakkiri-ni", "pattern": "～を皮切りに", "structure": "Noun + を皮切りに", "meaning_id": "dimulai dengan ~ (rangkaian peristiwa)", "meaning_en": "starting with / kicking off with", "nuance": "Mengawali serangkaian peristiwa berlanjut.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "example", "examples": [ { "japanese": "東京公演を皮切りに、全国ツアーが始まる。", "furigana": "Tōkyō kōen o kawakkiri ni, zenkoku tsuā ga hajimaru.", "translation_id": "Dimulai dari konser Tokyo, tur nasional dimulai.", "translation_en": "Kicking off with the Tokyo show, the national tour begins." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-kanshite-formal", "pattern": "～に関して(は) / に関する", "structure": "Noun + に関して(は) / に関する", "meaning_id": "mengenai / berkaitan dengan ~", "meaning_en": "regarding / concerning ~", "nuance": "Versi N2 lebih sering muncul di tulisan formal/laporan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "topic", "examples": [ { "japanese": "この件に関しては、後ほどお話しします。", "furigana": "Kono ken ni kanshite wa, nochihodo ohanashi shimasu.", "translation_id": "Mengenai hal ini, akan saya bicarakan nanti.", "translation_en": "Regarding this matter, I'll discuss it later." } ] }, { "slug": "bakari-ka", "pattern": "～ばかりか", "structure": "Plain-form / Noun + ばかりか", "meaning_id": "bukan hanya ~, bahkan ~", "meaning_en": "not only ~ but even ~", "nuance": "Hal kedua lebih ekstrem/tak terduga dari yang pertama.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "addition", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼は遅刻したばかりか、宿題も忘れた。", "furigana": "Kare wa chikoku shita bakari ka, shukudai mo wasureta.", "translation_id": "Dia bukan hanya terlambat, bahkan PR pun lupa.", "translation_en": "He not only was late, but even forgot his homework." } ] }, { "slug": "nominarazu", "pattern": "～のみならず", "structure": "Plain-form / Noun + のみならず", "meaning_id": "tidak hanya ~ tapi juga ~", "meaning_en": "not only ~ but also (formal)", "nuance": "Sangat formal/tertulis. Versi sastrawi dari だけでなく.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "addition", "examples": [ { "japanese": "学生のみならず、教師も参加した。", "furigana": "Gakusei nominarazu, kyōshi mo sanka shita.", "translation_id": "Tidak hanya siswa, guru pun ikut serta.", "translation_en": "Not only students but teachers also participated." } ] }, { "slug": "ue-de", "pattern": "～上で", "structure": "Verb-ta / Noun-no + 上で", "meaning_id": "setelah ~ (sebagai dasar) / dalam ~", "meaning_en": "after / upon / in (the process of)", "nuance": "Dua makna: setelah aksi, atau dalam proses tertentu.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "addition", "examples": [ { "japanese": "よく考えた上で、決めてください。", "furigana": "Yoku kangaeta ue de, kimete kudasai.", "translation_id": "Tolong putuskan setelah dipikirkan baik-baik.", "translation_en": "Please decide after thinking carefully." } ] }, { "slug": "soreni", "pattern": "それに / そのうえ", "structure": "Kalimat。それに / そのうえ、 + Kalimat", "meaning_id": "selain itu / lagi pula", "meaning_en": "moreover / furthermore", "nuance": "Penghubung kalimat untuk menambahkan info searah.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "addition", "examples": [ { "japanese": "この本は安い。それに、内容も良い。", "furigana": "Kono hon wa yasui. Soreni, naiyō mo yoi.", "translation_id": "Buku ini murah. Selain itu, isinya juga bagus.", "translation_en": "This book is cheap. Moreover, the content is good." } ] }, { "slug": "no-de-wa-naku", "pattern": "～のではなく", "structure": "Plain-form + のではなく", "meaning_id": "bukan ~ melainkan ~", "meaning_en": "not ~ but rather ~", "nuance": "Mengoreksi dengan menyajikan opsi yang benar.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "contrast", "examples": [ { "japanese": "嫌いなのではなく、ただ慣れていないだけだ。", "furigana": "Kirai na no de wa naku, tada narete inai dake da.", "translation_id": "Bukan tidak suka, hanya belum terbiasa.", "translation_en": "It's not that I dislike it; I'm just not used to it." } ] }, { "slug": "to-iu-yori-mushiro", "pattern": "～というよりむしろ", "structure": "Plain-form + というよりむしろ", "meaning_id": "lebih tepat dikatakan ~ daripada ~", "meaning_en": "rather ~ than ~", "nuance": "Penggantian kata yang lebih akurat dengan penekanan むしろ.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "contrast", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼は優しいというより、むしろ甘い。", "furigana": "Kare wa yasashii to iu yori, mushiro amai.", "translation_id": "Lebih tepat dibilang dia memanjakan daripada baik hati.", "translation_en": "Rather than kind, he's more indulgent." } ] }, { "slug": "hanmen-formal", "pattern": "～反面 / 半面", "structure": "Plain-form + 反面", "meaning_id": "di sisi lain ~", "meaning_en": "on the other hand / while", "nuance": "Membandingkan dua sisi dari subjek yang sama.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "contrast", "examples": [ { "japanese": "都会は便利な反面、人間関係が冷たい。", "furigana": "Tokai wa benri na hanmen, ningen kankei ga tsumetai.", "translation_id": "Kota itu praktis, di sisi lain hubungan antar manusia dingin.", "translation_en": "Cities are convenient; on the other hand, human ties are cold." } ] }, { "slug": "kawari-ni-formal", "pattern": "～かわりに (kompensasi)", "structure": "Plain-form + かわりに", "meaning_id": "sebagai ganti ~ / sebagai imbalan ~", "meaning_en": "in exchange for / instead", "nuance": "Pertukaran timbal balik antara dua hal.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "contrast", "examples": [ { "japanese": "給料が高いかわりに、仕事はきつい。", "furigana": "Kyūryō ga takai kawari ni, shigoto wa kitsui.", "translation_id": "Sebagai imbalan gaji tinggi, pekerjaannya berat.", "translation_en": "In exchange for high pay, the work is tough." } ] }, { "slug": "to-kuru-to", "pattern": "～ときたら", "structure": "Noun + ときたら", "meaning_id": "kalau soal ~ (kritik)", "meaning_en": "as for ~ (negative)", "nuance": "Sering bernada mengeluh atau mengkritik.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "contrast", "examples": [ { "japanese": "うちの息子ときたら、勉強しないで遊んでばかり。", "furigana": "Uchi no musuko to kitara, benkyō shinai de asonde bakari.", "translation_id": "Kalau soal anak laki-lakiku, kerjanya cuma main.", "translation_en": "As for my son, he does nothing but play." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-hanshite", "pattern": "～に反して", "structure": "Noun + に反して", "meaning_id": "bertentangan dengan ~", "meaning_en": "contrary to ~", "nuance": "Formal. Hasil yang berlawanan dengan ekspektasi/prediksi.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "contrast", "examples": [ { "japanese": "予想に反して、試験は簡単だった。", "furigana": "Yosō ni hanshite, shiken wa kantan datta.", "translation_id": "Berlawanan dengan prediksi, ujiannya mudah.", "translation_en": "Contrary to expectation, the test was easy." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-yoso-ni", "pattern": "～をよそに", "structure": "Noun + をよそに", "meaning_id": "tanpa peduli pada ~", "meaning_en": "ignoring / despite", "nuance": "Pelaku mengabaikan perasaan/kondisi orang lain. Sering negatif.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "contrast", "examples": [ { "japanese": "親の心配をよそに、彼は旅に出た。", "furigana": "Oya no shinpai o yoso ni, kare wa tabi ni deta.", "translation_id": "Tanpa peduli kekhawatiran orang tua, dia berangkat berpetualang.", "translation_en": "Ignoring his parents' worry, he set off on a journey." } ] }, { "slug": "kagiri-ni", "pattern": "～限り(は)", "structure": "Plain-form + 限り(は)", "meaning_id": "selama ~ / sebatas ~", "meaning_en": "as long as / to the extent", "nuance": "Membatasi cakupan. Sering muncul dengan 知る/見る.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "limitation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "私が知っている限り、彼は誠実な人だ。", "furigana": "Watashi ga shitte iru kagiri, kare wa seijitsu na hito da.", "translation_id": "Sebatas yang saya tahu, dia orang yang jujur.", "translation_en": "As far as I know, he is an honest person." } ] }, { "slug": "nai-kagiri", "pattern": "～ない限り", "structure": "Verb-nai + 限り", "meaning_id": "kecuali (kalau) ~", "meaning_en": "unless ~", "nuance": "Syarat negatif yang harus terpenuhi.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "limitation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "謝らない限り、許さない。", "furigana": "Ayamaranai kagiri, yurusanai.", "translation_id": "Kecuali kamu minta maaf, saya tidak akan memaafkan.", "translation_en": "Unless you apologize, I won't forgive you." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-kagiri", "pattern": "～に限り", "structure": "Noun + に限り", "meaning_id": "khusus untuk ~ saja", "meaning_en": "only / limited to ~", "nuance": "Formal. Sering di pengumuman: 今日に限り 'hanya hari ini'.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "limitation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "本日に限り、半額です。", "furigana": "Honjitsu ni kagiri, hangaku desu.", "translation_id": "Khusus hari ini saja, diskon 50%.", "translation_en": "Only for today, it's half off." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-kagitte", "pattern": "～に限って", "structure": "Noun + に限って", "meaning_id": "hanya ~ saja (yang luar biasa)", "meaning_en": "of all things / only ~", "nuance": "Sering 'kebetulan apes': khusus hari ini, hujan; khusus dia, terlambat.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "limitation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "急いでいる時に限って、電車が遅れる。", "furigana": "Isoide iru toki ni kagitte, densha ga okureru.", "translation_id": "Khusus saat sedang buru-buru, kereta terlambat.", "translation_en": "Of all times, the train is late when I'm rushed." } ] }, { "slug": "dake-de-wa-nai", "pattern": "～だけのことはある", "structure": "Plain-form + だけのことはある", "meaning_id": "memang sebanding dengan / pantas ~", "meaning_en": "worth ~ / no wonder", "nuance": "Mengapresiasi hasil yang sesuai dengan usaha/kualifikasi.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "evaluation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼は何年も勉強しただけのことはあって、流暢だ。", "furigana": "Kare wa nannenmo benkyō shita dake no koto wa atte, ryūchō da.", "translation_id": "Pantas saja dia lancar, kan sudah bertahun-tahun belajar.", "translation_en": "No wonder he's fluent — he studied for years." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-ataisuru", "pattern": "～に値する", "structure": "Noun / Verb-dictionary + に値する", "meaning_id": "layak / pantas ~", "meaning_en": "be worthy of ~", "nuance": "Sering: 注目に値する (layak diperhatikan), 賞賛に値する.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "evaluation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼の努力は称賛に値する。", "furigana": "Kare no doryoku wa shōsan ni atai suru.", "translation_id": "Kerja kerasnya layak dipuji.", "translation_en": "His effort is worthy of praise." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-tarinai", "pattern": "～に足りない / に足る", "structure": "Noun / Verb-dictionary + に足りない / に足る", "meaning_id": "tidak layak / cukup untuk ~", "meaning_en": "not worth / enough to ~", "nuance": "Formal. に足る = layak/cukup, に足りない = tidak layak.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "evaluation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "そんな小さなことは恐れるに足りない。", "furigana": "Sonna chiisa na koto wa osoreru ni tarinai.", "translation_id": "Hal sekecil itu tidak layak ditakuti.", "translation_en": "Such a small matter isn't worth fearing." } ] }, { "slug": "ka-no-you-ni", "pattern": "～かのように", "structure": "Plain-form + かのように", "meaning_id": "seolah-olah ~", "meaning_en": "as if ~", "nuance": "Pengandaian: bertindak seolah-olah sesuatu adalah kenyataan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "evaluation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼は何も知らないかのように振る舞った。", "furigana": "Kare wa nani mo shiranai ka no yō ni furumatta.", "translation_id": "Dia berperilaku seolah-olah tidak tahu apa-apa.", "translation_en": "He acted as if he knew nothing." } ] }, { "slug": "ki-mi", "pattern": "～気味", "structure": "Verb-stem / Noun + 気味", "meaning_id": "agak / sedikit ~ (negatif)", "meaning_en": "tend to be / feel a bit ~", "nuance": "Konjugasi seperti na-adj. Biasanya untuk hal yang kurang baik.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "evaluation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "最近、疲れ気味です。", "furigana": "Saikin, tsukare gimi desu.", "translation_id": "Akhir-akhir ini saya merasa agak lelah.", "translation_en": "I've been feeling a bit tired recently." } ] }, { "slug": "gachi", "pattern": "～がち", "structure": "Verb-stem / Noun + がち", "meaning_id": "cenderung ~ (negatif)", "meaning_en": "tend to / prone to ~", "nuance": "Kecenderungan, biasanya negatif. Konjugasi seperti na-adj.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "evaluation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "冬は風邪をひきがちだ。", "furigana": "Fuyu wa kaze o hiki gachi da.", "translation_id": "Musim dingin cenderung membuat saya mudah masuk angin.", "translation_en": "In winter, I tend to catch colds." } ] }, { "slug": "ppoi", "pattern": "～っぽい", "structure": "Noun / i-adj / Verb-stem + っぽい", "meaning_id": "mirip ~ / kayak ~ / cenderung ~", "meaning_en": "looks like / -ish / tend to", "nuance": "Kasual; sering soal kesan visual atau sifat.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "evaluation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼は子供っぽい性格だ。", "furigana": "Kare wa kodomoppoi seikaku da.", "translation_id": "Karakternya kekanak-kanakan.", "translation_en": "He has a childish personality." } ] }, { "slug": "tomo-iezu", "pattern": "～とも言えない", "structure": "Plain-form + とも言えない", "meaning_id": "tidak bisa dibilang juga ~", "meaning_en": "can't really say ~", "nuance": "Penilaian setengah-setengah; pembicara tidak yakin.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "evaluation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "賛成だとも反対だとも言えない。", "furigana": "Sansei da to mo hantai da to mo ienai.", "translation_id": "Tak bisa dibilang setuju maupun menolak.", "translation_en": "I can't say I'm for or against it." } ] }, { "slug": "no-naka-de-ichiban", "pattern": "～の中で(いちばん)", "structure": "Noun + の中で + superlatif", "meaning_id": "di antara ~ (paling) ~", "meaning_en": "among ~ (the most)", "nuance": "Membatasi cakupan superlatif.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "evaluation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "クラスの中で彼が一番優しい。", "furigana": "Kurasu no naka de kare ga ichiban yasashii.", "translation_id": "Di antara seisi kelas, dia yang paling baik.", "translation_en": "Among the class, he's the kindest." } ] }, { "slug": "to-ka", "pattern": "～とか", "structure": "Plain-form / Noun + とか", "meaning_id": "katanya ~ / misalnya ~", "meaning_en": "I heard / things like", "nuance": "Dua makna: (1) hearsay kasual; (2) memberi contoh tidak lengkap.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "hearsay-modality", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼は来週引っ越すとか。", "furigana": "Kare wa raishū hikkosu to ka.", "translation_id": "Katanya dia pindah minggu depan.", "translation_en": "I heard he's moving next week." } ] }, { "slug": "tte", "pattern": "～って (kutipan/hearsay)", "structure": "Plain-form + って", "meaning_id": "katanya ~", "meaning_en": "I heard / they said", "nuance": "Kasual. Pendek dari と言う/と.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "hearsay-modality", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼が結婚するって本当?", "furigana": "Kare ga kekkon suru tte hontō?", "translation_id": "Katanya dia akan menikah, beneran?", "translation_en": "Is it true he's getting married?" } ] }, { "slug": "rashii-n2", "pattern": "～らしい (lanjutan)", "structure": "Plain-form / Noun + らしい", "meaning_id": "sepertinya / kabarnya ~", "meaning_en": "it seems / apparently", "nuance": "Versi N2: lebih sering dipakai dalam konteks tulisan dan berita.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "hearsay-modality", "examples": [ { "japanese": "新しい首相が選ばれたらしい。", "furigana": "Atarashii shushō ga erabareta rashii.", "translation_id": "Sepertinya perdana menteri baru terpilih.", "translation_en": "Apparently a new prime minister has been chosen." } ] }, { "slug": "you-ni-omowareru", "pattern": "～ように思われる / 感じられる", "structure": "Plain-form + ように + 思われる / 感じられる", "meaning_id": "tampaknya / terasa ~", "meaning_en": "appears / feels (passive form)", "nuance": "Lebih objektif/distansi dibanding 思う; sering dalam tulisan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "hearsay-modality", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼の意見は正しいように思われる。", "furigana": "Kare no iken wa tadashii yō ni omowareru.", "translation_id": "Tampaknya pendapatnya benar.", "translation_en": "His opinion seems to be correct." } ] }, { "slug": "to-mieru", "pattern": "～と見える", "structure": "Plain-form + と見える", "meaning_id": "terlihat seperti ~", "meaning_en": "appears that ~", "nuance": "Dugaan berdasarkan penampilan; lebih formal dari ようだ.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "hearsay-modality", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼は何かを隠していると見える。", "furigana": "Kare wa nanika o kakushite iru to mieru.", "translation_id": "Sepertinya dia menyembunyikan sesuatu.", "translation_en": "It appears that he is hiding something." } ] }, { "slug": "to-iu-mono-da", "pattern": "～というものだ", "structure": "Plain-form + というものだ", "meaning_id": "begitulah ~ / itulah hakikat ~", "meaning_en": "that's what ~ is / by definition", "nuance": "Kesimpulan reflektif/filosofis.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "hearsay-modality", "examples": [ { "japanese": "苦労してこそ成長するというものだ。", "furigana": "Kurō shite koso seichō suru to iu mono da.", "translation_id": "Memang dari kesulitanlah kita tumbuh.", "translation_en": "It's through hardship that we grow." } ] }, { "slug": "to-iu-mono-de-wa-nai", "pattern": "～というものではない", "structure": "Plain-form + というものではない", "meaning_id": "bukan berarti selalu ~", "meaning_en": "it's not necessarily that ~", "nuance": "Membantah generalisasi yang terlalu mutlak.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "hearsay-modality", "examples": [ { "japanese": "高ければ良いというものではない。", "furigana": "Takakereba yoi to iu mono de wa nai.", "translation_id": "Bukan berarti yang mahal selalu bagus.", "translation_en": "It's not necessarily true that expensive means good." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-chigai-nai-n2", "pattern": "～に違いない (lanjutan)", "structure": "Plain-form + に違いない", "meaning_id": "pasti ~ (yakin)", "meaning_en": "must be ~ / no doubt", "nuance": "Versi N2 lebih sering muncul dalam analisis/penelitian.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "hearsay-modality", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼が犯人に違いない。", "furigana": "Kare ga hannin ni chigainai.", "translation_id": "Dia pasti pelakunya.", "translation_en": "He must be the culprit." } ] }, { "slug": "kanenai", "pattern": "～かねない", "structure": "Verb-stem + かねない", "meaning_id": "bisa-bisa ~ / berisiko ~", "meaning_en": "could / might (negative possibility)", "nuance": "Kemungkinan negatif. Kekhawatiran pembicara terhadap hasil buruk.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "hearsay-modality", "examples": [ { "japanese": "そんなに働きすぎると、病気になりかねない。", "furigana": "Sonna ni hatarakisugiru to, byōki ni narikanenai.", "translation_id": "Kalau kerja terlalu keras, bisa-bisa jatuh sakit.", "translation_en": "Working that much, you might fall ill." } ] }, { "slug": "kaneru", "pattern": "～かねる", "structure": "Verb-stem + かねる", "meaning_id": "tidak bisa / sulit untuk ~", "meaning_en": "cannot bring oneself to / hesitate to ~", "nuance": "Formal/sopan. Sering di pelayanan: お答えしかねます (tidak dapat menjawab).", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "hearsay-modality", "examples": [ { "japanese": "そのご質問にはお答えしかねます。", "furigana": "Sono goshitsumon ni wa okotae shikanemasu.", "translation_id": "Maaf, kami tidak dapat menjawab pertanyaan tersebut.", "translation_en": "I'm afraid I cannot answer that question." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-kinjienai", "pattern": "～を禁じ得ない", "structure": "Noun + を禁じ得ない", "meaning_id": "tak bisa menahan ~", "meaning_en": "cannot help feeling / suppress ~", "nuance": "Sangat formal/tertulis. Untuk emosi yang spontan dan tak terhindarkan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "emotion", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼の話に涙を禁じ得なかった。", "furigana": "Kare no hanashi ni namida o kinjienakatta.", "translation_id": "Mendengar kisahnya, saya tak bisa menahan air mata.", "translation_en": "Hearing his story, I couldn't hold back tears." } ] }, { "slug": "te-tamaranai", "pattern": "～てたまらない", "structure": "Verb-te / i-adj-kute + たまらない", "meaning_id": "sangat ~ sampai tak tertahankan", "meaning_en": "unbearably ~ / extremely", "nuance": "Perasaan/emosi pribadi yang sangat kuat.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "emotion", "examples": [ { "japanese": "故郷が懐かしくてたまらない。", "furigana": "Furusato ga natsukashikute tamaranai.", "translation_id": "Aku sangat rindu kampung halaman, tak tertahankan.", "translation_en": "I miss my hometown unbearably." } ] }, { "slug": "te-naranai", "pattern": "～てならない", "structure": "Verb-te / i-adj-kute + ならない", "meaning_id": "sangat terasa ~", "meaning_en": "feel very ~ / can't help feeling", "nuance": "Sering untuk emosi negatif/positif yang muncul spontan dari dalam.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "emotion", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼のことが心配でならない。", "furigana": "Kare no koto ga shinpai de naranai.", "translation_id": "Aku sangat mengkhawatirkannya.", "translation_en": "I can't help worrying about him." } ] }, { "slug": "te-kuru-emotion", "pattern": "～てくる (perubahan emosi)", "structure": "Verb-te + くる", "meaning_id": "(perubahan emosi/keadaan menuju sekarang)", "meaning_en": "come to feel / gradually become", "nuance": "Sering soal perasaan yang muncul / tumbuh: 寒くなってきた, 慣れてきた.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "emotion", "examples": [ { "japanese": "だんだん日本の文化が分かってきた。", "furigana": "Dandan Nihon no bunka ga wakatte kita.", "translation_id": "Saya perlahan mulai memahami budaya Jepang.", "translation_en": "I've gradually come to understand Japanese culture." } ] }, { "slug": "you-mono-nara", "pattern": "～ようものなら", "structure": "Volitional + ものなら", "meaning_id": "kalau sampai berani ~ (akibat buruk)", "meaning_en": "if (one were to)", "nuance": "Pengandaian dengan konsekuensi buruk yang akan datang.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "conditional", "examples": [ { "japanese": "遅刻しようものなら、先生に怒られる。", "furigana": "Chikoku shiyō mono nara, sensei ni okorareru.", "translation_id": "Kalau sampai telat, akan dimarahi guru.", "translation_en": "If you dare be late, the teacher will scold you." } ] }, { "slug": "to-nareba", "pattern": "～となれば / となると", "structure": "Plain-form + となれば", "meaning_id": "kalau memang ~ ya tentu ~", "meaning_en": "if that's the case / when it comes to", "nuance": "Pengandaian formal; konsekuensi logis muncul.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "conditional", "examples": [ { "japanese": "海外で働くとなれば、英語が必要だ。", "furigana": "Kaigai de hataraku to nareba, eigo ga hitsuyō da.", "translation_id": "Kalau memang akan bekerja di luar negeri, bahasa Inggris jadi keharusan.", "translation_en": "If it comes to working abroad, English becomes necessary." } ] }, { "slug": "naku-tomo", "pattern": "～なくとも", "structure": "Verb-nai (drop い) + くとも", "meaning_id": "meskipun tidak ~ (formal)", "meaning_en": "even without / even if not", "nuance": "Versi formal/tertulis dari ～なくても.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "conditional", "examples": [ { "japanese": "言わなくとも、彼は分かってくれる。", "furigana": "Iwanakutomo, kare wa wakatte kureru.", "translation_id": "Meskipun tidak dikatakan, dia akan mengerti.", "translation_en": "Even without being told, he will understand." } ] }, { "slug": "you-ga", "pattern": "～うが / ようが", "structure": "Volitional + が / ようが", "meaning_id": "apa pun yang ~", "meaning_en": "no matter what / regardless", "nuance": "Formal. Sering dipasangkan: 〜うが〜まいが (entah ~ entah tidak).", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "何を言われようが、気にしない。", "furigana": "Nani o iwareyō ga, ki ni shinai.", "translation_id": "Apa pun yang dikatakan, saya tidak peduli.", "translation_en": "No matter what is said, I don't care." } ] }, { "slug": "you-to", "pattern": "～(よ)うと~まいと", "structure": "Volitional + と + Verb-mai + と", "meaning_id": "entah ~ entah tidak ~", "meaning_en": "whether or not ~", "nuance": "Pasangan klasik untuk menyatakan ketidakpedulian terhadap hasil.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "雨が降ろうと降るまいと、出発する。", "furigana": "Ame ga furō to furumai to, shuppatsu suru.", "translation_id": "Entah hujan entah tidak, kita tetap berangkat.", "translation_en": "Whether it rains or not, we'll set off." } ] }, { "slug": "tokoro-wo", "pattern": "～ところを", "structure": "Verb-dictionary / Verb-te-iru + ところを", "meaning_id": "saat sedang ~ (formal sopan)", "meaning_en": "while you were ~ (polite)", "nuance": "Sering di permohonan maaf/sopan: お忙しいところを すみません.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "time", "examples": [ { "japanese": "お忙しいところを恐縮ですが。", "furigana": "Oisogashii tokoro o kyōshuku desu ga.", "translation_id": "Maaf mengganggu di tengah kesibukan Anda.", "translation_en": "I'm sorry to bother you while you're busy." } ] }, { "slug": "ka-ka-no-uchi-ni", "pattern": "～か~ないかのうちに", "structure": "Verb-dictionary + か + Verb-nai + かのうちに", "meaning_id": "begitu ~ langsung ~", "meaning_en": "no sooner ~ than ~", "nuance": "Aksi kedua terjadi tepat sebelum aksi pertama selesai.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "time", "examples": [ { "japanese": "ベルが鳴るか鳴らないかのうちに、教室を出た。", "furigana": "Beru ga naru ka naranai ka no uchi ni, kyōshitsu o deta.", "translation_id": "Belum selesai bel berbunyi, saya sudah keluar kelas.", "translation_en": "No sooner had the bell rung than I left the classroom." } ] }, { "slug": "te-irai", "pattern": "～て以来", "structure": "Verb-te + 以来", "meaning_id": "sejak ~ (terus berlangsung sampai sekarang)", "meaning_en": "ever since ~", "nuance": "Keadaan terus berlangsung dari satu titik di masa lalu.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "time", "examples": [ { "japanese": "卒業して以来、一度も会っていない。", "furigana": "Sotsugyō shite irai, ichido mo atte inai.", "translation_id": "Sejak lulus, sama sekali belum bertemu lagi.", "translation_en": "Ever since graduating, I haven't seen him once." } ] }, { "slug": "kara-to-itte", "pattern": "～からといって", "structure": "Plain-form + からといって", "meaning_id": "hanya karena ~, bukan berarti ~", "meaning_en": "just because ~ doesn't mean", "nuance": "Menolak generalisasi dari satu alasan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "cause-effect", "examples": [ { "japanese": "お金があるからといって、幸せとは限らない。", "furigana": "Okane ga aru kara to itte, shiawase to wa kagiranai.", "translation_id": "Hanya karena punya uang, tak berarti bahagia.", "translation_en": "Just because you have money doesn't mean you're happy." } ] }, { "slug": "kara-ni-wa-2", "pattern": "～からには (lanjutan)", "structure": "Plain-form + からには", "meaning_id": "karena sudah ~ maka ~ (komitmen)", "meaning_en": "now that ~", "nuance": "Versi N2 menekankan tanggung jawab/komitmen.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "cause-effect", "examples": [ { "japanese": "やると決めたからには、最後までやり通す。", "furigana": "Yaru to kimeta kara ni wa, saigo made yaritōsu.", "translation_id": "Karena sudah memutuskan akan melakukannya, saya akan tuntaskan.", "translation_en": "Now that I've decided to do it, I'll see it through." } ] }, { "slug": "ue-wa", "pattern": "～上は", "structure": "Verb-ta + 上は", "meaning_id": "karena sudah ~, maka mau tidak mau ~", "meaning_en": "now that ~ / since ~", "nuance": "Formal/tertulis. Sangat mirip からには.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "cause-effect", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼を信じると決めた上は、もう疑わない。", "furigana": "Kare o shinjiru to kimeta ue wa, mō utagawanai.", "translation_id": "Karena sudah memutuskan untuk mempercayainya, saya tidak ragu lagi.", "translation_en": "Now that I've decided to trust him, I won't doubt anymore." } ] }, { "slug": "ato-wa", "pattern": "～あとは", "structure": "Verb-ta + あとは", "meaning_id": "setelah ~ tinggal ~", "meaning_en": "after ~, all that's left is", "nuance": "Menyatakan yang tersisa setelah aksi utama.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "time", "examples": [ { "japanese": "宿題が終わったあとは、好きなことをしよう。", "furigana": "Shukudai ga owatta ato wa, suki na koto o shiyō.", "translation_id": "Setelah PR selesai, lakukan apa pun yang disuka.", "translation_en": "After homework is done, let's do what we like." } ] }, { "slug": "tsutsu-mo", "pattern": "～つつも", "structure": "Verb-stem + つつも", "meaning_id": "meskipun sambil ~ tetap ~", "meaning_en": "even while / despite", "nuance": "Versi formal dari ながらも.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "悪いと知りつつも、嘘をついてしまった。", "furigana": "Warui to shiri tsutsu mo, uso o tsuite shimatta.", "translation_id": "Meski tahu itu buruk, saya tetap berbohong.", "translation_en": "Even knowing it was wrong, I ended up lying." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-koshita-koto-wa-nai", "pattern": "～にこしたことはない", "structure": "Verb-dictionary / i-adj + にこしたことはない", "meaning_id": "lebih baik ~ daripada tidak", "meaning_en": "nothing beats / better to ~", "nuance": "Saran umum: lebih baik begitu.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "advice", "examples": [ { "japanese": "健康にこしたことはない。", "furigana": "Kenkō ni koshita koto wa nai.", "translation_id": "Tidak ada yang lebih baik daripada sehat.", "translation_en": "Nothing beats being healthy." } ] }, { "slug": "wa-mochiron", "pattern": "～はもちろん / はもとより", "structure": "Noun + はもちろん / はもとより", "meaning_id": "tentu saja ~ termasuk ~", "meaning_en": "of course ~ as well as ~", "nuance": "Menambahkan info kedua di luar yang sudah jelas. もとより lebih formal.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "addition", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼は英語はもちろん、フランス語も話せる。", "furigana": "Kare wa eigo wa mochiron, furansugo mo hanaseru.", "translation_id": "Bahasa Inggris jelas bisa, bahkan bahasa Prancis pun.", "translation_en": "Of course he speaks English, and French as well." } ] }, { "slug": "to-tomoni", "pattern": "～とともに", "structure": "Noun / Plain-form + とともに", "meaning_id": "bersamaan dengan ~ / seiring ~", "meaning_en": "together with / as ~", "nuance": "Dua makna: bersama (orang) atau seiring (perubahan).", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "correlation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "技術の進歩とともに、社会も変わった。", "furigana": "Gijutsu no shinpo to tomo ni, shakai mo kawatta.", "translation_id": "Seiring kemajuan teknologi, masyarakat pun berubah.", "translation_en": "Along with technological progress, society has changed." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-wataru", "pattern": "～にわたって / にわたる", "structure": "Noun + にわたって / にわたる", "meaning_id": "selama / sepanjang / mencakup ~", "meaning_en": "spanning / over / throughout", "nuance": "Cakupan luas (waktu, area, jumlah). Formal.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "scope", "examples": [ { "japanese": "三日間にわたって、会議が行われた。", "furigana": "Mikkakan ni watatte, kaigi ga okonawareta.", "translation_id": "Rapat berlangsung selama tiga hari.", "translation_en": "The conference was held over three days." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-tsuki", "pattern": "～につき", "structure": "Noun + につき", "meaning_id": "karena ~ (formal) / per ~", "meaning_en": "due to / per", "nuance": "Sangat formal. Sering di pengumuman/poster: 工事中につき.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "工事中につき、通行止めです。", "furigana": "Kōji-chū ni tsuki, tsūkōdome desu.", "translation_id": "Karena dalam perbaikan, jalan ditutup.", "translation_en": "Closed due to construction in progress." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-bouki-to-shite", "pattern": "～を抜きにして", "structure": "Noun + を抜きにして", "meaning_id": "tanpa ~ / mengesampingkan ~", "meaning_en": "without / setting aside", "nuance": "Sering negatif: ~を抜きにしては (tanpa ~ tidak bisa ~).", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼の協力を抜きにしては、成功しなかっただろう。", "furigana": "Kare no kyōryoku o nuki ni shite wa, seikō shinakatta darō.", "translation_id": "Tanpa kerja sama dia, kami tidak akan berhasil.", "translation_en": "Without his cooperation, we wouldn't have succeeded." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-kakete", "pattern": "～をかけて", "structure": "Noun + をかけて", "meaning_id": "mempertaruhkan ~ / mencurahkan ~", "meaning_en": "putting at stake / dedicating", "nuance": "Komitmen serius. 命をかけて = mempertaruhkan nyawa.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "命をかけてあなたを守ります。", "furigana": "Inochi o kakete anata o mamorimasu.", "translation_id": "Saya akan melindungimu dengan taruhan nyawa.", "translation_en": "I'll protect you with my life." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-fumaete", "pattern": "～を踏まえて", "structure": "Noun + を踏まえて", "meaning_id": "berdasarkan ~ / dengan mempertimbangkan ~", "meaning_en": "based on / taking ~ into account", "nuance": "Formal. Sering dalam laporan/presentasi.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "前回の結果を踏まえて、計画を立て直した。", "furigana": "Zenkai no kekka o fumaete, keikaku o tatenaoshita.", "translation_id": "Berdasarkan hasil sebelumnya, rencana disusun ulang.", "translation_en": "Based on the previous results, we revised the plan." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-toshite", "pattern": "～を通して (lanjutan)", "structure": "Noun + を通して", "meaning_id": "melalui / sepanjang ~", "meaning_en": "through / throughout", "nuance": "Versi N2: sering dalam laporan/penelitian.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "経験を通して、多くを学んだ。", "furigana": "Keiken o tōshite, ōku o mananda.", "translation_id": "Melalui pengalaman, saya banyak belajar.", "translation_en": "Through experience, I learned a lot." } ] }, { "slug": "tsutsu-aru", "pattern": "～つつある", "structure": "Verb-stem + つつある", "meaning_id": "sedang dalam proses ~", "meaning_en": "in the process of ~", "nuance": "Perubahan bertahap yang sedang berlangsung. Formal/tertulis.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "time", "examples": [ { "japanese": "気候は変化しつつある。", "furigana": "Kikō wa henka shitsutsu aru.", "translation_id": "Iklim sedang dalam proses berubah.", "translation_en": "The climate is in the process of changing." } ] }, { "slug": "te-koso", "pattern": "～てこそ", "structure": "Verb-te + こそ", "meaning_id": "barulah dengan ~ / justru karena ~", "meaning_en": "only by ~ / it's only when", "nuance": "Menekankan bahwa hanya dengan kondisi ini hasil benar tercapai.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "cause-effect", "examples": [ { "japanese": "努力してこそ、成功できる。", "furigana": "Doryoku shite koso, seikō dekiru.", "translation_id": "Hanya dengan berusahalah kita bisa sukses.", "translation_en": "Only by trying hard can one succeed." } ] }, { "slug": "to-shitara", "pattern": "～としたら / とすれば", "structure": "Plain-form + としたら / とすれば", "meaning_id": "kalau seandainya ~", "meaning_en": "supposing / if (hypothetical)", "nuance": "Pengandaian intelektual; formal.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "conditional", "examples": [ { "japanese": "宝くじが当たったとしたら、何を買いますか。", "furigana": "Takarakuji ga atatta to shitara, nani o kaimasu ka.", "translation_id": "Kalau seandainya menang lotre, akan beli apa?", "translation_en": "Supposing you won the lottery, what would you buy?" } ] }, { "slug": "demo-aru", "pattern": "～でもある", "structure": "Noun / na-adj + でもある", "meaning_id": "juga ~ / sekaligus ~", "meaning_en": "also is / is at the same time ~", "nuance": "Menambahkan identitas/sifat tambahan pada subjek.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "addition", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼は医者であり、作家でもある。", "furigana": "Kare wa isha de ari, sakka de mo aru.", "translation_id": "Dia seorang dokter, sekaligus penulis.", "translation_en": "He is a doctor and also a writer." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-shite-wa-comp", "pattern": "～にしては (lanjutan)", "structure": "Noun / Plain + にしては", "meaning_id": "untuk ukuran ~ (lebih tegas)", "meaning_en": "for (considering)", "nuance": "Versi N2: lebih sering muncul dengan kategori spesifik.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "新人にしては、よく出来ている。", "furigana": "Shinjin ni shite wa, yoku dekite iru.", "translation_id": "Untuk seorang pemula, hasilnya sudah sangat baik.", "translation_en": "For a newcomer, it's well done." } ] }, { "slug": "kotonaku", "pattern": "～ことなく", "structure": "Verb-dictionary + ことなく", "meaning_id": "tanpa pernah ~", "meaning_en": "without ~ing", "nuance": "Formal/tertulis. Aksi yang tidak terjadi sepanjang proses.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "manner", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼は休むことなく働き続けた。", "furigana": "Kare wa yasumu koto naku hataraki tsuzuketa.", "translation_id": "Dia terus bekerja tanpa pernah istirahat.", "translation_en": "He kept working without taking a break." } ] }, { "slug": "koto-da", "pattern": "～ことだ", "structure": "Verb-dictionary / nai + ことだ", "meaning_id": "sebaiknya ~ / yang terpenting ~", "meaning_en": "should / it's important to ~", "nuance": "Saran kuat. Versi formal dari ほうがいい.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "advice", "examples": [ { "japanese": "風邪のときは、ゆっくり休むことだ。", "furigana": "Kaze no toki wa, yukkuri yasumu koto da.", "translation_id": "Saat masuk angin, sebaiknya banyak istirahat.", "translation_en": "When you have a cold, you should rest well." } ] }, { "slug": "mono-da", "pattern": "～ものだ (norma/kewajaran)", "structure": "Plain-form + ものだ", "meaning_id": "memang sudah seharusnya / biasanya ~", "meaning_en": "naturally ~ / it's a fact that", "nuance": "Kebenaran umum atau perilaku yang dianggap normal/wajar.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "evaluation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "子供は親に甘えるものだ。", "furigana": "Kodomo wa oya ni amaeru mono da.", "translation_id": "Memang sudah wajar anak bermanja kepada orang tua.", "translation_en": "It's natural for children to depend on their parents." } ] }, { "slug": "mono-de-wa-nai", "pattern": "～ものではない", "structure": "Verb-dictionary + ものではない", "meaning_id": "tidak seharusnya ~", "meaning_en": "shouldn't / it's not done to ~", "nuance": "Nasihat berdasarkan norma sosial.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "advice", "examples": [ { "japanese": "そんなことを言うものではない。", "furigana": "Sonna koto o iu mono de wa nai.", "translation_id": "Tidak seharusnya kau berkata seperti itu.", "translation_en": "You shouldn't say such things." } ] }, { "slug": "mono-ka", "pattern": "～ものか", "structure": "Plain-form + ものか", "meaning_id": "mana mungkin ~ / pasti tidak ~", "meaning_en": "as if I would / there's no way", "nuance": "Penolakan emosional, sering kasar.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "denial", "examples": [ { "japanese": "もう彼を信じるものか。", "furigana": "Mō kare o shinjiru mono ka.", "translation_id": "Mana mungkin aku percaya padanya lagi.", "translation_en": "As if I'd trust him again." } ] }, { "slug": "mono-nara", "pattern": "～ものなら", "structure": "Verb-potential + ものなら", "meaning_id": "kalau bisa ~ (tapi sulit)", "meaning_en": "if (one) could ~", "nuance": "Keinginan terhadap sesuatu yang sulit dicapai.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "conditional", "examples": [ { "japanese": "戻れるものなら、子供時代に戻りたい。", "furigana": "Modoreru mono nara, kodomo-jidai ni modoritai.", "translation_id": "Kalau bisa kembali, aku ingin kembali ke masa kecil.", "translation_en": "If I could go back, I'd return to my childhood." } ] }, { "slug": "mono-o", "pattern": "～ものを", "structure": "Plain-form + ものを", "meaning_id": "padahal seharusnya ~ (penyesalan/kecewa)", "meaning_en": "though, in fact ~", "nuance": "Ekspresi kekecewaan terhadap kenyataan yang berbeda dari yang diharapkan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "早く言ってくれればよかったものを。", "furigana": "Hayaku itte kurereba yokatta mono o.", "translation_id": "Padahal kalau dikatakan lebih cepat, akan jauh lebih baik.", "translation_en": "If only you had told me sooner." } ] }, { "slug": "to-iu-koto-da", "pattern": "～ということだ", "structure": "Plain-form + ということだ", "meaning_id": "kabarnya / artinya ~", "meaning_en": "I hear that / it means that", "nuance": "Dua makna: hearsay formal atau kesimpulan/penjelasan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "hearsay-modality", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼は来月辞めるということだ。", "furigana": "Kare wa raigetsu yameru to iu koto da.", "translation_id": "Kabarnya dia akan berhenti bulan depan.", "translation_en": "I hear he'll quit next month." } ] }, { "slug": "to-iu-wake-da", "pattern": "～というわけだ", "structure": "Plain-form + というわけだ", "meaning_id": "jadi begitu / itulah sebabnya ~", "meaning_en": "that means / that's why", "nuance": "Menyimpulkan logika berdasarkan info sebelumnya.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "conclusion", "examples": [ { "japanese": "つまり、彼は嘘をついていたというわけだ。", "furigana": "Tsumari, kare wa uso o tsuite ita to iu wake da.", "translation_id": "Jadi intinya, dia memang berbohong selama ini.", "translation_en": "In other words, he was lying." } ] }, { "slug": "you-de-aru", "pattern": "～ようである / であるようだ", "structure": "Plain-form + ようである", "meaning_id": "tampaknya ~ (formal/tertulis)", "meaning_en": "appears that ~ (formal)", "nuance": "Versi tertulis sangat formal dari ようだ.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "hearsay-modality", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼は事情を知っているようである。", "furigana": "Kare wa jijō o shitte iru yō de aru.", "translation_id": "Tampaknya dia mengetahui situasinya.", "translation_en": "It appears that he is aware of the situation." } ] }, { "slug": "to-omoikiya", "pattern": "～と思いきや", "structure": "Plain-form + と思いきや", "meaning_id": "padahal kupikir ~ ternyata ~", "meaning_en": "contrary to what I thought ~", "nuance": "Sastrawi/formal. Hasil sangat berlawanan dengan dugaan awal.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "contrast", "examples": [ { "japanese": "簡単だと思いきや、意外と難しかった。", "furigana": "Kantan da to omoikiya, igai to muzukashikatta.", "translation_id": "Kupikir mudah, ternyata cukup sulit.", "translation_en": "I thought it'd be easy, but it turned out hard." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-mo-mashite", "pattern": "～にもまして", "structure": "Noun + にもまして", "meaning_id": "lebih dari ~", "meaning_en": "more than ~", "nuance": "Membandingkan dua hal — yang kedua lebih ekstrem.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "comparison", "examples": [ { "japanese": "去年にもまして、今年は暑い。", "furigana": "Kyonen ni mo mashite, kotoshi wa atsui.", "translation_id": "Lebih dari tahun lalu, tahun ini lebih panas.", "translation_en": "Even more than last year, this year is hot." } ] }, { "slug": "to-itta", "pattern": "～といった", "structure": "Noun, Noun, Noun + といった + Noun", "meaning_id": "seperti misalnya ~", "meaning_en": "things like / such as", "nuance": "Mendaftar contoh tidak lengkap secara formal.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "example", "examples": [ { "japanese": "りんご、みかん、ぶどうといった果物が好きだ。", "furigana": "Ringo, mikan, budō to itta kudamono ga suki da.", "translation_id": "Saya suka buah-buahan seperti apel, jeruk, dan anggur.", "translation_en": "I like fruits such as apples, oranges, and grapes." } ] }, { "slug": "to-itta-tokoro-da", "pattern": "～といったところだ", "structure": "Quantity / Noun + といったところだ", "meaning_id": "kira-kira ~ saja", "meaning_en": "about ~ at most", "nuance": "Memberi perkiraan/batas tinggi.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "evaluation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "参加者は十人といったところだ。", "furigana": "Sankasha wa jūnin to itta tokoro da.", "translation_id": "Pesertanya kira-kira hanya sepuluh orang saja.", "translation_en": "There were about ten participants at most." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-sokushite", "pattern": "～に即して", "structure": "Noun + に即して", "meaning_id": "sesuai dengan ~ / berdasarkan ~", "meaning_en": "in line with / according to", "nuance": "Sangat formal. Sering dengan 法律/規則/事実.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "事実に即して報告してください。", "furigana": "Jijitsu ni soku shite hōkoku shite kudasai.", "translation_id": "Tolong laporkan sesuai fakta.", "translation_en": "Please report in line with the facts." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-motozuite", "pattern": "～に基づいて", "structure": "Noun + に基づいて", "meaning_id": "berdasarkan ~", "meaning_en": "based on ~", "nuance": "Formal. Dasar dari aksi/keputusan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "データに基づいて結論を出した。", "furigana": "Dēta ni motozuite ketsuron o dashita.", "translation_id": "Saya menarik kesimpulan berdasarkan data.", "translation_en": "I drew a conclusion based on the data." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-shitagai", "pattern": "～にしたがい / にしたがって (formal)", "structure": "Verb-dictionary / Noun + にしたがい", "meaning_id": "sesuai dengan / seiring ~", "meaning_en": "in accordance with / as ~", "nuance": "Versi N2: lebih dipakai di tulisan/laporan formal.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "correlation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "規則にしたがい行動してください。", "furigana": "Kisoku ni shitagai kōdō shite kudasai.", "translation_id": "Mohon bertindak sesuai peraturan.", "translation_en": "Please act in accordance with the rules." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-tomonai", "pattern": "～に伴い / に伴って", "structure": "Noun / Verb-dictionary + に伴い", "meaning_id": "seiring dengan ~", "meaning_en": "along with / as ~", "nuance": "Versi formal/tertulis dari につれて.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "correlation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "人口の増加に伴い、住宅問題が深刻化した。", "furigana": "Jinkō no zōka ni tomonai, jūtaku mondai ga shinkokuka shita.", "translation_id": "Seiring bertambahnya populasi, masalah perumahan memburuk.", "translation_en": "Along with population growth, housing issues worsened." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-soku-shita", "pattern": "～に応じて", "structure": "Noun + に応じて", "meaning_id": "menyesuaikan / sesuai dengan ~", "meaning_en": "depending on / in response to", "nuance": "Adaptasi terhadap kondisi tertentu.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "correlation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "状況に応じて対応します。", "furigana": "Jōkyō ni ōjite taiō shimasu.", "translation_id": "Saya akan menanggapi sesuai situasi.", "translation_en": "I'll respond depending on the situation." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-mukete", "pattern": "～に向けて", "structure": "Noun + に向けて", "meaning_id": "menuju / ke arah ~", "meaning_en": "toward / for (a goal)", "nuance": "Arah atau target. Sering soal acara/tujuan masa depan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "試験に向けて、毎日勉強している。", "furigana": "Shiken ni mukete, mainichi benkyō shite iru.", "translation_id": "Menuju ujian, saya belajar setiap hari.", "translation_en": "Toward the exam, I study every day." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-totte-no", "pattern": "～にとっての (modifier)", "structure": "Noun + にとっての + Noun", "meaning_id": "bagi ~ / dari sudut pandang ~", "meaning_en": "for / from the perspective of", "nuance": "Modifier dari にとって saat memodifikasi noun.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "perspective", "examples": [ { "japanese": "私にとっての宝物だ。", "furigana": "Watashi ni totte no takaramono da.", "translation_id": "Ini adalah harta berharga bagi saya.", "translation_en": "This is a treasure for me." } ] }, { "slug": "made-mo-2", "pattern": "～までだ / ～まで", "structure": "Verb-dictionary + までだ", "meaning_id": "tinggal ~ saja", "meaning_en": "all there's left is / just ~", "nuance": "Menyatakan satu-satunya opsi tersisa.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "limitation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "断られたら、諦めるまでだ。", "furigana": "Kotowararetara, akirameru made da.", "translation_id": "Kalau ditolak, ya tinggal menyerah saja.", "translation_en": "If rejected, all that's left is to give up." } ] }, { "slug": "tomo-naku", "pattern": "～ともなく", "structure": "Verb-dictionary + ともなく", "meaning_id": "tanpa sengaja / tanpa sadar ~", "meaning_en": "without particular intent ~", "nuance": "Aksi yang dilakukan tanpa fokus. Sastrawi.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "manner", "examples": [ { "japanese": "見るともなく窓の外を見ていた。", "furigana": "Miru to mo naku mado no soto o mite ita.", "translation_id": "Tanpa sadar saya memandang ke luar jendela.", "translation_en": "I was gazing out the window absentmindedly." } ] }, { "slug": "to-bakari-ni", "pattern": "～とばかりに", "structure": "Plain-form + とばかりに", "meaning_id": "seolah-olah mau bilang ~", "meaning_en": "as if to say / acting as if", "nuance": "Sastrawi. Aksi yang seolah mewakili kata-kata tertentu.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "evaluation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼は嫌だとばかりに首を振った。", "furigana": "Kare wa iya da to bakari ni kubi o futta.", "translation_id": "Dia menggeleng seolah berkata 'tidak mau'.", "translation_en": "He shook his head as if to say 'no way.'" } ] }, { "slug": "n-bakari-da", "pattern": "～んばかりだ", "structure": "Verb-nai (drop ない) + んばかりだ", "meaning_id": "hampir-hampir / nyaris ~", "meaning_en": "about to / on the verge of", "nuance": "Sastrawi. Hampir terjadi tapi belum sampai.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "evaluation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼女は泣き出さんばかりの顔をしていた。", "furigana": "Kanojo wa nakidasan bakari no kao o shite ita.", "translation_id": "Wajahnya seperti hampir menangis.", "translation_en": "Her face looked as if she was about to cry." } ] }, { "slug": "te-yamanai", "pattern": "～てやまない", "structure": "Verb-te + やまない", "meaning_id": "(terus) ~ dengan sangat ~", "meaning_en": "deeply / continuously ~", "nuance": "Sangat formal/sastrawi. Untuk perasaan kuat dan terus-menerus.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "emotion", "examples": [ { "japanese": "ご成功を祈ってやみません。", "furigana": "Goseikō o inotte yamimasen.", "translation_id": "Saya senantiasa mendoakan kesuksesan Anda.", "translation_en": "I continually pray for your success." } ] }, { "slug": "tara-ii-no-ni", "pattern": "～たらいいのに / ばいいのに", "structure": "Verb-tara / ba + いいのに", "meaning_id": "andai saja ~ (sesal)", "meaning_en": "I wish ~", "nuance": "Pengandaian berbau sesal/keinginan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "regret", "examples": [ { "japanese": "もっと時間があればいいのに。", "furigana": "Motto jikan ga areba ii no ni.", "translation_id": "Andai saja waktunya lebih banyak.", "translation_en": "If only there were more time." } ] }, { "slug": "to-itte-mo-iihodo", "pattern": "～と言ってもいいほど", "structure": "Plain-form + と言ってもいいほど", "meaning_id": "boleh dibilang sampai ~", "meaning_en": "to the extent that one could say", "nuance": "Eufemisme ekstrem yang masih bisa dibenarkan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "evaluation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼は天才と言ってもいいほどだ。", "furigana": "Kare wa tensai to itte mo ii hodo da.", "translation_id": "Boleh dibilang dia sudah seperti jenius.", "translation_en": "He's almost what you'd call a genius." } ] }, { "slug": "te-kuru-time", "pattern": "～てくる (akumulasi)", "structure": "Verb-te + くる", "meaning_id": "(terjadi/menumpuk hingga sekarang)", "meaning_en": "have been ~ing up to now", "nuance": "Versi N2: untuk akumulasi pengalaman/perubahan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "time", "examples": [ { "japanese": "長年この仕事をやってきました。", "furigana": "Naganen kono shigoto o yatte kimashita.", "translation_id": "Selama bertahun-tahun saya telah menjalani pekerjaan ini.", "translation_en": "I've been doing this job for many years." } ] }, { "slug": "ka-no-gotoku", "pattern": "～かのごとく", "structure": "Plain-form + かのごとく", "meaning_id": "seolah-olah ~ (sastrawi)", "meaning_en": "as if (literary)", "nuance": "Sangat sastrawi. Versi kuno dari かのように.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼は何事もなかったかのごとく振る舞った。", "furigana": "Kare wa nanigoto mo nakatta ka no gotoku furumatta.", "translation_id": "Dia bertingkah seolah-olah tidak ada apa-apa.", "translation_en": "He acted as if nothing had happened." } ] }, { "slug": "gotoshi", "pattern": "～ごとし / ごとく / ごとき", "structure": "Noun-no / Verb-dictionary + ごとし", "meaning_id": "seperti ~", "meaning_en": "like / as ~ (literary)", "nuance": "Sangat formal/sastrawi. Versi kuno dari ようだ/ように.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "光陰矢のごとし。", "furigana": "Kōin ya no gotoshi.", "translation_id": "Waktu berlalu bagaikan anak panah.", "translation_en": "Time flies like an arrow." } ] }, { "slug": "tari-tomo", "pattern": "～たりとも~ない", "structure": "Quantity + たりとも + negatif", "meaning_id": "tidak ~ sedikit pun", "meaning_en": "not even a single ~", "nuance": "Sangat formal. Bersama kuantitas paling kecil: 一円たりとも.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "limitation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "一日たりとも休めない。", "furigana": "Ichinichi tari to mo yasumenai.", "translation_id": "Sehari pun tak boleh istirahat.", "translation_en": "Not even a single day off allowed." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-shinai-de", "pattern": "～にしないで", "structure": "Noun / Plain-form + にしないで", "meaning_id": "jangan ~kan / jangan jadikan ~", "meaning_en": "don't make / don't treat as ~", "nuance": "Permintaan agar tidak memperlakukan sebagai sesuatu.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "request", "examples": [ { "japanese": "そんなに大きな問題にしないでください。", "furigana": "Sonna ni ōkina mondai ni shinaide kudasai.", "translation_id": "Jangan jadikan masalah besar.", "translation_en": "Please don't make it such a big deal." } ] }, { "slug": "te-koi", "pattern": "～てきて / てこい", "structure": "Verb-te + きて / こい", "meaning_id": "pergi (lakukan) terus kembali", "meaning_en": "go do ~ and come back", "nuance": "Permintaan kasual; sering dipakai orang tua ke anak.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "request", "examples": [ { "japanese": "コンビニで牛乳を買ってきて。", "furigana": "Konbini de gyūnyū o katte kite.", "translation_id": "Belikan susu di mini market dulu ya.", "translation_en": "Go get some milk from the convenience store." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-mai-toshite", "pattern": "～まいとして / まいとする", "structure": "Verb-mai + として / とする", "meaning_id": "bertekad tidak ~", "meaning_en": "determined not to ~", "nuance": "Negatif dari ようとする. Tekad untuk menahan diri.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "intention", "examples": [ { "japanese": "二度と失敗するまいと努力している。", "furigana": "Nido to shippai suru mai to doryoku shite iru.", "translation_id": "Saya berusaha agar tak gagal lagi.", "translation_en": "I'm making an effort never to fail again." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-ikute", "pattern": "～にいたって / にいたっては / にいたっても", "structure": "Noun / Verb-dictionary + にいたって", "meaning_id": "sampai-sampai ~ / saat akhirnya ~", "meaning_en": "even at the point of / when it comes to ~", "nuance": "Formal/tertulis. Menyatakan titik ekstrem akhir.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "extreme", "examples": [ { "japanese": "事故にいたっては、何度も発生している。", "furigana": "Jiko ni itatte wa, nando mo hassei shite iru.", "translation_id": "Bahkan kecelakaannya sudah berulang kali terjadi.", "translation_en": "When it comes to accidents, they've happened repeatedly." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-kawa-kiri-to-shite", "pattern": "～を皮切りとして", "structure": "Noun + を皮切りとして", "meaning_id": "diawali dengan ~ (formal)", "meaning_en": "starting with (formal)", "nuance": "Variasi formal dari を皮切りに.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "example", "examples": [ { "japanese": "東京公演を皮切りとして、全国ツアーが行われる。", "furigana": "Tōkyō kōen o kawakkiri to shite, zenkoku tsuā ga okonawareru.", "translation_id": "Diawali konser Tokyo, tur nasional akan digelar.", "translation_en": "Starting with the Tokyo show, a national tour will be held." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-mochiite", "pattern": "～を用いて", "structure": "Noun + を用いて", "meaning_id": "menggunakan ~ (formal)", "meaning_en": "by using (formal)", "nuance": "Versi formal dari を使って.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "最新の技術を用いて分析した。", "furigana": "Saishin no gijutsu o mochiite bunseki shita.", "translation_id": "Saya menganalisis menggunakan teknologi terbaru.", "translation_en": "I analyzed it using the latest technology." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-tomonatte", "pattern": "～を伴って", "structure": "Noun + を伴って", "meaning_id": "disertai dengan ~", "meaning_en": "accompanied by ~", "nuance": "Formal. Sesuatu hadir bersamaan dengan yang lain.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "強い風を伴った雨が降っている。", "furigana": "Tsuyoi kaze o tomonatta ame ga futte iru.", "translation_id": "Hujan yang disertai angin kencang sedang turun.", "translation_en": "Rain accompanied by strong wind is falling." } ] }, { "slug": "to-iu-yori", "pattern": "～というより", "structure": "Plain-form + というより", "meaning_id": "lebih tepat dikatakan ~", "meaning_en": "rather than ~", "nuance": "Penggantian kata yang lebih akurat (versi singkat dari mushiro).", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "comparison", "examples": [ { "japanese": "悲しいというより、悔しい。", "furigana": "Kanashii to iu yori, kuyashii.", "translation_id": "Lebih tepat dibilang kesal daripada sedih.", "translation_en": "Rather than sad, I'm frustrated." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-koshite", "pattern": "～に越して", "structure": "Verb-dictionary + に越したことはない", "meaning_id": "lebih baik ~ daripada tidak (lanjutan)", "meaning_en": "nothing surpasses ~", "nuance": "Saran umum yang lembut.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "advice", "examples": [ { "japanese": "安全に越したことはない。", "furigana": "Anzen ni koshita koto wa nai.", "translation_id": "Lebih baik aman daripada tidak.", "translation_en": "Nothing beats being safe." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-okazu", "pattern": "～をおいて~ない", "structure": "Noun + をおいて + negatif", "meaning_id": "tidak ada selain ~", "meaning_en": "there's no ~ other than", "nuance": "Memuji ekspresi: hanya satu-satunya pilihan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "limitation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼をおいて適任者はいない。", "furigana": "Kare o oite tekininsha wa inai.", "translation_id": "Tidak ada orang yang lebih cocok selain dia.", "translation_en": "There's no one better suited than him." } ] }, { "slug": "doukou-mo", "pattern": "～どころか", "structure": "Plain-form / Noun + どころか", "meaning_id": "jangankan ~, bahkan ~", "meaning_en": "let alone / far from ~", "nuance": "Menyangkal yang ringan dan menambah yang lebih ekstrem.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "contrast", "examples": [ { "japanese": "走るどころか、歩くこともできない。", "furigana": "Hashiru dokoro ka, aruku koto mo dekinai.", "translation_id": "Jangankan lari, jalan saja tidak bisa.", "translation_en": "Far from running, I can't even walk." } ] }, { "slug": "doukou-de-wa-nai", "pattern": "～どころではない", "structure": "Plain-form / Noun + どころではない", "meaning_id": "bukan saatnya untuk ~", "meaning_en": "not the time for ~", "nuance": "Situasi terlalu kritis untuk melakukan hal tersebut.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "contrast", "examples": [ { "japanese": "今は遊んでいるどころではない。", "furigana": "Ima wa asonde iru dokoro de wa nai.", "translation_id": "Sekarang bukan saatnya bermain.", "translation_en": "This is no time to be playing around." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-yorazu", "pattern": "～によらず", "structure": "Noun + によらず", "meaning_id": "tanpa memandang ~", "meaning_en": "regardless of ~", "nuance": "Formal. Tidak terpengaruh oleh faktor tertentu.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "limitation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "年齢によらず誰でも参加できる。", "furigana": "Nenrei ni yorazu dare demo sanka dekiru.", "translation_id": "Siapa pun bisa ikut tanpa memandang usia.", "translation_en": "Anyone can participate regardless of age." } ] }, { "slug": "to-omowareru", "pattern": "～と思われる", "structure": "Plain-form + と思われる", "meaning_id": "dianggap / dipikir bahwa ~", "meaning_en": "is thought to / appears to be", "nuance": "Formal/tulisan. Mengaburkan subjek pemikiran.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "hearsay-modality", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼の意見は正しいと思われる。", "furigana": "Kare no iken wa tadashii to omowareru.", "translation_id": "Pendapatnya dianggap benar.", "translation_en": "His opinion is thought to be correct." } ] }, { "slug": "to-sareru", "pattern": "～とされる / とされている", "structure": "Plain-form + とされる", "meaning_id": "dianggap / dipercaya ~", "meaning_en": "is considered to be ~", "nuance": "Formal/tertulis. Pendapat umum atau konsensus.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "hearsay-modality", "examples": [ { "japanese": "この温泉は健康に良いとされている。", "furigana": "Kono onsen wa kenkō ni yoi to sarete iru.", "translation_id": "Onsen ini dipercaya baik untuk kesehatan.", "translation_en": "This hot spring is considered good for health." } ] }, { "slug": "to-iu-koto-ni-naru", "pattern": "～ということになる", "structure": "Plain-form + ということになる", "meaning_id": "berarti / artinya ~", "meaning_en": "it means that ~", "nuance": "Menyimpulkan secara logis.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "conclusion", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼が休むということは、私が代わるということになる。", "furigana": "Kare ga yasumu to iu koto wa, watashi ga kawaru to iu koto ni naru.", "translation_id": "Kalau dia libur, berarti saya yang menggantikan.", "translation_en": "If he takes a day off, it means I'll take his place." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-shitatte", "pattern": "～にしたって / にしても", "structure": "Plain-form / Noun + にしても", "meaning_id": "kalaupun ~ tetap ~", "meaning_en": "even granted that ~", "nuance": "Pengandaian dengan hasil yang tetap. Lebih kasual: にしたって.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "忙しいにしても、連絡くらいできるはずだ。", "furigana": "Isogashii ni shite mo, renraku kurai dekiru hazu da.", "translation_id": "Sesibuk apapun, setidaknya bisa menghubungi kan.", "translation_en": "Even if busy, you could at least call." } ] }, { "slug": "you-na-ki-ga-suru", "pattern": "～ような気がする", "structure": "Plain-form + ような気がする", "meaning_id": "rasanya seperti ~", "meaning_en": "I have a feeling that ~", "nuance": "Intuisi yang lebih halus.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "feeling", "examples": [ { "japanese": "前にも会ったような気がする。", "furigana": "Mae ni mo atta yō na ki ga suru.", "translation_id": "Rasanya pernah bertemu sebelumnya.", "translation_en": "I have a feeling we've met before." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-hoka-naranai", "pattern": "～にほかならない", "structure": "Noun + にほかならない", "meaning_id": "tidak lain adalah ~", "meaning_en": "is nothing but / is precisely", "nuance": "Penegasan kuat akan suatu kesimpulan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "evaluation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "成功は努力の結果にほかならない。", "furigana": "Seikō wa doryoku no kekka ni hoka naranai.", "translation_id": "Kesuksesan tak lain adalah hasil usaha.", "translation_en": "Success is nothing but the result of effort." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-sugi-nai", "pattern": "～にすぎない", "structure": "Noun / Plain-form + にすぎない", "meaning_id": "tidak lebih dari ~ / hanya ~", "meaning_en": "no more than / merely", "nuance": "Menekankan bahwa sesuatu kecil atau tidak signifikan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "limitation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "それは言い訳にすぎない。", "furigana": "Sore wa iiwake ni suginai.", "translation_id": "Itu tak lebih dari alasan saja.", "translation_en": "That's nothing more than an excuse." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-kakawaru", "pattern": "～にかかわる", "structure": "Noun + にかかわる", "meaning_id": "berkaitan / menentukan ~ (penting)", "meaning_en": "involves / is a matter of ~", "nuance": "Sering soal hal penting seperti 命 (nyawa), 名誉 (kehormatan).", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "これは命にかかわる問題だ。", "furigana": "Kore wa inochi ni kakawaru mondai da.", "translation_id": "Ini masalah yang menyangkut nyawa.", "translation_en": "This is a matter of life and death." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-mae-ni-shite", "pattern": "～を前にして", "structure": "Noun + を前にして", "meaning_id": "menjelang / di hadapan ~", "meaning_en": "in the face of / right before", "nuance": "Kesadaran terhadap peristiwa/objek yang akan terjadi/di hadapan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "time", "examples": [ { "japanese": "試験を前にして緊張している。", "furigana": "Shiken o mae ni shite kinchō shite iru.", "translation_id": "Menjelang ujian saya gugup.", "translation_en": "Right before the exam, I'm nervous." } ] }, { "slug": "wo-genni-shite", "pattern": "～を限りに", "structure": "Noun + を限りに", "meaning_id": "mulai/sampai dari ~ (formal)", "meaning_en": "as of / starting from ~", "nuance": "Sangat formal. Untuk pengumuman batas waktu.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "formal-written", "examples": [ { "japanese": "今日を限りに禁煙する。", "furigana": "Kyō o kagiri ni kin'en suru.", "translation_id": "Mulai hari ini saya berhenti merokok.", "translation_en": "Starting today, I'm quitting smoking." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-tsuke-mo", "pattern": "～につけ", "structure": "Verb-dictionary / Noun + につけ", "meaning_id": "setiap kali ~ jadi ~", "meaning_en": "whenever ~", "nuance": "Stimulus alami menimbulkan reaksi. Sering: 何かにつけ.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "correlation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "故郷の歌を聞くにつけ、母を思い出す。", "furigana": "Furusato no uta o kiku ni tsuke, haha o omoidasu.", "translation_id": "Setiap mendengar lagu kampung halaman, saya teringat ibu.", "translation_en": "Whenever I hear songs of home, I remember my mother." } ] }, { "slug": "ni-tsuke-mo-ni-tsuke", "pattern": "～につけ~につけ", "structure": "i-adj/Noun + につけ + i-adj/Noun + につけ", "meaning_id": "baik ~ maupun ~", "meaning_en": "whether ~ or ~", "nuance": "Pasangan sastrawi: 嬉しいにつけ悲しいにつけ.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "嬉しいにつけ悲しいにつけ、家族と分かち合いたい。", "furigana": "Ureshii ni tsuke kanashii ni tsuke, kazoku to wakachiaitai.", "translation_id": "Baik senang maupun sedih, saya ingin berbagi dengan keluarga.", "translation_en": "Whether happy or sad, I want to share with my family." } ] }, { "slug": "to-mo-omoeba", "pattern": "～かと思えば / かと思うと", "structure": "Plain-form + かと思えば", "meaning_id": "baru saja ~ eh malah ~", "meaning_en": "no sooner ~ than ~", "nuance": "Perubahan situasi yang mendadak / tak terduga.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "time", "examples": [ { "japanese": "晴れたかと思えば、また雨が降りだした。", "furigana": "Hareta ka to omoeba, mata ame ga furidashita.", "translation_id": "Baru saja cerah, eh hujan lagi.", "translation_en": "No sooner had it cleared up than it started raining again." } ] }, { "slug": "made", "pattern": "～までして", "structure": "Noun + までして", "meaning_id": "sampai-sampai ~", "meaning_en": "going so far as to ~", "nuance": "Aksi ekstrem yang menunjukkan tekad/keputusasaan.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "extreme", "examples": [ { "japanese": "借金までして、車を買った。", "furigana": "Shakkin made shite, kuruma o katta.", "translation_id": "Sampai-sampai berhutang demi membeli mobil.", "translation_en": "He went so far as to borrow money to buy a car." } ] }, { "slug": "te-made", "pattern": "～てまで", "structure": "Verb-te + まで", "meaning_id": "sampai harus ~", "meaning_en": "to the extent of doing ~", "nuance": "Versi verba dari までして.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "extreme", "examples": [ { "japanese": "嘘をついてまで勝ちたいのか。", "furigana": "Uso o tsuite made kachitai no ka.", "translation_id": "Apa kamu rela berbohong demi menang?", "translation_en": "Are you willing to lie just to win?" } ] }, { "slug": "to-shika-iiyou-ga-nai", "pattern": "～としか言いようがない", "structure": "Noun + としか言いようがない", "meaning_id": "tak bisa dibilang selain ~", "meaning_en": "can only be described as", "nuance": "Menegaskan tidak ada cara lain mendeskripsikan sesuatu.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "evaluation", "examples": [ { "japanese": "奇跡としか言いようがない。", "furigana": "Kiseki to shika iiyō ga nai.", "translation_id": "Tak bisa disebut apa pun selain keajaiban.", "translation_en": "It can only be described as a miracle." } ] }, { "slug": "te-mata-nai", "pattern": "～てまたない / てしかたない", "structure": "Verb-te / i-adj-kute + しかたない", "meaning_id": "sangat ~ sampai tak tertahankan", "meaning_en": "unbearably ~", "nuance": "Versi sehari-hari dari てたまらない.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "emotion", "examples": [ { "japanese": "暇でしかたない。", "furigana": "Hima de shikatanai.", "translation_id": "Bosannya sampai tak tertahankan.", "translation_en": "I'm unbearably bored." } ] }, { "slug": "te-no-tame-no", "pattern": "～(の)ためなら", "structure": "Noun-no + ためなら", "meaning_id": "demi ~ rela ~", "meaning_en": "for the sake of ~", "nuance": "Pernyataan komitmen tinggi terhadap tujuan/orang tertentu.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "purpose", "examples": [ { "japanese": "家族のためなら、どんな苦労もする。", "furigana": "Kazoku no tame nara, donna kurō mo suru.", "translation_id": "Demi keluarga, kerja keras apa pun saya jalani.", "translation_en": "For my family, I'll endure any hardship." } ] }, { "slug": "kotonai", "pattern": "～ない(の)ですか / ないのではないか", "structure": "Plain-nai + のではないか", "meaning_id": "bukankah tidak ~? (dugaan negatif)", "meaning_en": "isn't it that not ~ ?", "nuance": "Dugaan yang ragu dengan nada lembut.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "hearsay-modality", "examples": [ { "japanese": "彼は来ないのではないだろうか。", "furigana": "Kare wa konai no de wa nai darō ka.", "translation_id": "Bukankah dia mungkin tidak datang?", "translation_en": "Isn't it possible that he won't come?" } ] }, { "slug": "to-shitemo", "pattern": "～にしても~にしても", "structure": "Plain / Noun + にしても (dua kali)", "meaning_id": "baik ~ maupun ~", "meaning_en": "whether ~ or ~", "nuance": "Dua opsi berbeda dengan hasil sama.", "jlpt_level": "N2", "category": "concession", "examples": [ { "japanese": "雨にしても雪にしても、出かけたくない。", "furigana": "Ame ni shite mo yuki ni shite mo, dekaketakunai.", "translation_id": "Entah hujan entah salju, saya tetap tidak mau keluar.", "translation_en": "Whether rain or snow, I don't want to go out." } ] } ]